Abstract Hacktivism: The Making of a Hacker Culture, by Otto von Busch and Karl Palmås, is a 2006 publication from the University of Gothenburg that pairs two extended essays into a single argument. The argument is this: the computer is not just a tool. It is the dominant conceptual model of our time — the way we think about organisations, economies, politics, resistance. And the process by which this model became dominant was not a matter of technological inevitability. It was, in large part, paid for by the dot-com bubble.